Paraquat destroys green plant tissue on contact as well as by translocation within the plant. Paraquat, a nonselective contact herbicide, was first evaluated in 1970 for toxicology and residues. With fastacting results in as little as 48 hours, gramoxone sl 2. Paraquat, a widely used herbicide in the world, has caused severe and fatal poisonings.
Herbicides are any chemical substance that is used to specifically kill plants. Fatal lung damage may occur some weeks after an initial intake. The bipyridyl herbicide paraquat induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma shsy5y cells. The chemical herbicide paraquat is used by a large number of. It is used on more than 100 crops in about 100 countries. Phytotoxicity symptoms can indicate mode of action the symptoms observed on weeds sprayed with herbicides express the moa.
Dangerous according to the australian dangerous goods adg code. Herbicide classification byaction mode of effect on plant growth this chart groups herbicides by their modes of action to assist you by premix in selecting herbicides 1 to maintain greater diversity in herbicide use and 2 to rotate among effective herbicides with different sites of action to delay the development of herbicide resistance. It kills a wide range of annual grasses and broadleaved weeds and the tips of established perennial weeds. Paraquat was discovered in 1955 and introduced to the market place in 1962. Paraquat is moderately to highly toxic to many species of aquatic life including rainbow trout, bluegill, and channel catfish. Combining multiple effective sites of action, broadaxe xc preemergent herbicide delivers broadspectrum activity that manages beyond the basic weeds that other. Do not give anything by mouth to a semiconscious or unconscious person. Keep out of reach of children read safety directions before opening or using can kill if swallowed do not put in drink bottles keep locked up paraquat 250 herbicide active constituent. Paraquat may also be found commercially as a methyl sulfate salt c12h14n2 2ch3so4. For further advice contact the poisons information centre in each state capital city. This table will help simplify your calculations and determine how much merge you need. Results indicated that the gr50 herbicide dose required to cause a 50% reduction in plant growth value for the susceptible.
Avoid contact with eyes and skin, and inhalation of mist and vapour. Effect of the herbicide paraquat on the decomposition of. Genfarm quickflow duo herbicide adjuvant is a combination wetting agent and ammonium sulphate adjuvant. September 2012 fmcpara2501 section 6 accidental release measures continued dispose of drummed wastes, including decontamination solution in accordance with the requirements of local or state waste management authorities. Immediately after ingesting or inhaling a toxic amount of paraquat, an individual is likely to have swelling and pain in the. Paraquat herbicide performed a very strong efficacy at 2 weeks after applied which were rated at 92. Refer to the additive label for rates of applications, directions for use, limitations, and restrictions. Paraquat poisoning is a fast process, and symptoms develop quickly. Paraquat pq is a herbicide agent commonly used in agricultural applications. Liquid technical products range from to concentration, but the formulations used in the. The us environmental protection agency classifies paraquat as restricted use. Material safety data sheet paraquat 250 herbicide hazardous according to the criteria of nohsc australia. Manual on pest management defines the criteria for pesticide selection. It is quickacting, nonselective, and kills green plant tissue on contact.
Knowing a herbicide moa is important to understanding how to use a herbicide most effectively. The most important of its products is paraquat, a controversial nonselective herbicide, sold in over a hundred countries under the trade name gramoxone. If available, give an adsorbent such as activated charcoal, bentonite or fullers earth. Directions for use merge adjuvant is a blend of surfactant and petroleum hydrocarbons designed for use with various herbicide sprays. Give up to 1 litre of 15% aqueous suspension of fullers earth orally or via gastric tube, together with a suitable purgative 200 ml of an aqueous solution of mannitol. Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, smoking, or using the toilet. Paraquat was first manufactured and sold by ici in early 1962 under the trade name gramoxone, and is today among the most commonly used herbicides. The dichloride salt of paraquat is sparingly soluble in lower alcohols. It is an important tool for the control of weeds in many agricultural and nonagricultural settings. Fmc paraquat 250 herbicide page 3 of total 6 issued. First aid contains paraquat, a bipyridinium herbicide. Paraquat is a toxic chemical that is widely used as an herbicide plant killer, primarily for weed and grass control. When in contact with the soil, paraquat is deactivated rapidly. It is also used as a crop desiccant and defoliant, and as an aquatic herbicide.
During the 23 years between introduction and the present day numerous successful practical uses of the herbicide have been developed. Conditions of paraquat use in india dileep kumar a d april 2015. Any weed population may contain individuals naturally resistant to paraquat sl and other group code d herbicides. Paraquat paraquat is the most highly acutely toxic herbicide to be marketed over the last 60 years. In the united states, paraquat is available primarily as a liquid in various strengths. Paraquat dichloride, commonly referred to as paraquat, is one of the most widely used herbicides in the united states. Paraquat, a viologen, is quickacting and nonselective, killing green plant tissue on contact.
Because of its high toxicity, the european union withdrew paraquat from its market in july 2007. It may regrow after an initial scorch by apparent paraquat 250. Contains paraquat dichloride, a bipyridylium herbicide if swallowed speed is essential. Merge adjuvant is a blend of surfactant and petroleum hydrocarbons designed for use with various herbicide sprays. Paraquat food and agriculture organization of the united nations. Paraquat ion 200 g per litre present as dichloride. Paraquat controls weeds faster than any other herbicide, increasing productivity and reducing costs. The addition of paraquat to the single herbicides and combining as a tank mix appears to have had a synergistic effect for controlling large e. Where paraquat 250 sl is mixed with water at less than 400 ml100 l of water, add 60 ml of gl agricultural wetting agent per 100 l of spray. Paraquat dichloride is the active ingredient in the product gramoxone extra herbicide.
A nonresidual herbicide for the control of many grasses and broadleaf weeds. Paraquat is the trade name for n, n dimethyl4, 4 bipyridinium dichloride, one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. It is used with glyphosate based herbicides as a wetting agent and is suited to applications where a wetting agent and ammonium sulphate are required. Closed mixing and loading systems for paraquat paraquat. It has been banned in 32 countries including switzerland, where herbicide producing company sygenta is based. Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. Armezon heat lq solo wdg herbicide eragon odyssey wdg herbicide.
Paraquat dichloride is a nonselective herbicide and will cause damage to nontarget crops and plants if offtarget movement occurs. Although many of these rules and regulations have been in effect since 2016, changes to product containers and use are just now kickingin in late. Can be used in clover seed crops, lucerne, drains, forestry, industrial sites, streets, waterways and the control of barley grass. Herbicide sales form 38 per cent of the syngenta business. Herbicide mode of action how a herbicide works use herbicides more efficiently recognize and diagnose injury problems herbicide resistance management. Paraquat is not systemic and only desiccates the green foliage that it touches. Foliar penetration and phytotoxicity of paraquat as. Hg fkhplfdoo\ dv gls\ulg\ov paraquat is a synthetic, nonselective contact herbicide, marketed as paraquat, paraquat dichloride salt and bismethylsulfate salt.
Approved pamphlet gramoxone 8661 20161124 page 1 of 12 group 22 herbicide. It is a major factor in both herbicide selectivity and weed resistance. Paraquat is used as a quaternary ammonium herbicide. Where this problem is suspected use fluazifop for grass weed control. September 2012 fmcpara2501 section 4 first aid measures continued swallowed. As a surfactant, merge is a key requirement of great weed control. In march 1978, 21 per cent of 61 marijuana samples from the southwestern united states were found to be contaminated with the herbicide paraquat, a pulmonary toxin, in concentrations from 3 to 2,264 parts per million. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to investigate possible multipleresistance of horseweed to paraquat and glyphosate, and to evaluate the effect of the addition of metribuzin to paraquat on control of paraquat resistant horseweed. Rapid treatment for paraquat poisoning is essential. The resistant individuals can eventually dominate the weed population if these herbicides are used repeatedly. Determination of the herbicides diquat and paraquat in water article in journal of chromatographic science 449. A blended surfactant designed for use with overdrive herbicides. Ingestion drinking of paraquat has grown popular in thirdworld countries as a means. Cont immediately transfer patient to nearest hospital or medical centre, warning by telephone of.
Paraquat is rapidly excreted by animals, so tissue accumulation is unlikely. It even targets the most difficulttocontrol weeds, such as barnyardgrass, florida beggarweed, italian ryegrass, johnsongrass, palmer amaranth, morning. Paraquat is also often referred to as gramoxone a popular enduse product. Have the product container or label with you when calling a poison control center or doctor, or going for treatment. Thousands of deaths have occurred from ingestion often suicide or dermal exposure mainly. Gramoxone extra is formulated as a soluble concentrate and is used as a weed, grass and harvest aid herbicide. Herbicides market size by type and geography forecast. Other familiar pesticides are insecticides, rodenticides, and. Do not spray plants, which are waterlogged, under stress of any kind or covered with soil or dust. References paraquat is highly acutely toxic and enters the body mainly by swallowing, or through damaged skin, but may also be inhaled.
Cultivars, herbicide interactions, cultivar herbicide interactions. Willowood paraquat 3sl defoliant and desiccant herbicide for the control of weeds and grasses and as a harvest aid. Paraquat is an herbicide, which controls weeds and other vegetation. Effect of the herbicide paraquat on the decomposition of wheat straw w.
Yet it is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, and in most countries where it is registered it can be used without restriction. Effects of paraquat ban on herbicide poisoningrelated mortality. When paraquat concentrate is applied at less than 10 gallons per acre finished spray volume, a drift control or spray deposition additive should be used. If swallowed call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. Paraquat is applied as a directed spray postemergence herbicide around fruit. Gramoxone liquid herbicide with wetting agent contains paraquat restricted.
Wash out stomach and test urine and gastric aspirate if clear for presence of paraquat. Abamectin is an insecticide, which controls insects and related pests. Using paraquat protects against soil erosion, conserves water quality and enhances biodiversity. Ingestion drinking of paraquat has grown popular in thirdworld countries as a means of committing suicidedrinking a mere 2 ounces will kill you. Cheminova paraquat herbicide, 60473 61725 1208t page 2 of 8 directions for use restraints do not add wetter unless spraying at high volume. Paraquat and diquat national pesticide information center. Merge is now a separate and distinct product, helping reduce the amount of leftover surfactant in need of disposal and improving environmental stewardship. Pdf on jun 12, 20, maria aparecida marinmorales and others published toxicity of. Fmc paraquat 250 herbicide page 2 of total 6 issued. There was no variation between the serum concentrations of paraquat and diquat within 24 h after ingestion, but paraquat. The amount of merge surfactant you apply to your fields can vary, depending on the herbicide and the water volume rate you use. Where genfarm paraquat 250 herbicide is mixed with water at less than 400 mli100l of water, add 100 ml wetter per 100l of spray.
The herbicide mode of action involves absorption into the plant, translocation or movement in the plant, metabolism of the herbicide, and the physiological plant response. This report describes a slight difference in the rate of decrease of serum paraquat and diquat concentrations in eight human cases of poisoning by the herbicide preegloxl containing paraquatcl2, 5% and diquatbr2, 7% and the distribution of each in three autopsied cases. Determination of the herbicides diquat and paraquat in water. At high levels, paraquat inhibits the photosynthesis of some algae in stream waters. Paraquat is classified as a nonselective contact herbicide. Usdaars, crops research laboratory, 1701 centre avenue, fort collins, co 805262083, usa with 2 figures received february 18. Chlorothalonil is a fungicide, which controls fungus. Read the attached booklet before use 20 litres 5l, 100l, 110l,200l, l. Results indicated that the gr 50 herbicide dose required to cause a 50% reduction in plant growth value for the susceptible population s102 was 0. The toxicological endpoint of concern for short and. Paraquat sl a soluble concentrate herbicide for the control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops as listed and for fire breaks. Avoid exclusive repeated use of herbicides from the same herbicide group code. Paraquat dichloride ingredients used in pesticide products. Paraquat concentrate defoliant and desiccant herbicide for the control of weeds and grasses and as a harvest aid.
Alternate or tank mix with products from different herbicide group codes, integrate other control methods chemical, cultural, biological into weed control programmes. Paraquat is a nonselective burndown herbicide, which means it does not discriminate between the weeds it. If apparent paraquat 250 herbicide has been applied use fluazifop 212 gl at 1 lha after regrowth but before heading. Herbicides belong to a group of chemicals known as pesticides, which prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest. The purpose of this report is to describe cases of paraquat poisoning recorded at the poison control center in marseille over the 9year period starting and.
Multiple resistance of horseweed to glyphosate and. The key characteristics that distinguish it from other agents used in plant protection products are. The company describes gramoxone as the worlds second largest selling agrochemical. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that offtarget drift is minimized to the greatest extent possible.
Paraquat, cobra, blazer, authority contact herbicides thorough spray coverage and. Herbicide site of action refers to the specific biochemical or biophysical process in the plant that the herbicide disrupts to interfere with plant growth and development. Although paraquat caused the damage to the plant tissues rapidly, it was not permanent because paraquat. Merge adjuvant can be used with the following herbicides. A soluble concentrate herbicide for the control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops as listed and for fire breaks. Evelyn tiffanycastiglioni paraquat pq is a cationic nonselective bipyridyl herbicide widely used in.
Paraquat sl herbicide arysta lifescience south africa. Alternative strategies in cropping systems that use paraquat 21. These properties explain why paraquat is known as a precision herbicide. Paraquat poisonings in france during the european ban. Tell the person contacted the complete product name, and the type and amount of exposure. Although first synthesized in 1882, paraquat s herbicidal properties were not recognized until 1955 in the imperial chemical industries ici laboratories at jealotts hill.
It contains 37% paraquat dichloride and is a restricted use pesticide. The source of the contamination was an aerial spraying program in mexico, supported indirectly by united states funds. Global herbicides market share, by crop type get more information on this report. Paraquat also figures on the list of 99 pesticides and herbicides the supreme court to ban in an ongoing case. Refer to the herbicide label for detailed use instructions and restrictions. Paraquat syngentas controversial herbicide public eye. Paraquat and diquat 3dudtxdw dqg gltxdw duh lghqwl. Paraquat is a vital tool for farmers facing the spread of glyphosate resistant weeds and limited. A blended surfactant designed for use with a wide range of herbicides.
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